Using Tight-Binding Model Essay Example for Free

Utilizing Tight-Binding Model Essay Abstract†In this examination, utilizing tight restricting model a straightforward diagnostic methodology has been proposed to research the vitality scattering of graphene under the states of various organizer strain appropriation. Here the adjustment in the point between the crude unit vectors because of use of outer strain has been thought about to propose the methodology. From our proposed model it is discovered that graphene under loose or balanced strain appropriation is a zero bandgap semiconductor. Anyway a band hole is opened as the unbalanced strain is applied to it. It is seen that upto a specific degree of strain (for example 12.2 % corresponding to carbon-carbon bond and 7.3% opposite to carbon-carbon bond) the band hole of graphene increments and afterward start to fall . In this way, four distinct presumptions have been made for precise difference in crude unit vectors for four unique areas of applied strain (for example when the strain of 12.2 % corresponding to carbon-carbon bond when the strain of 7.3% opposite to carbon-carbon bond). The outcome got in the current investigation are thought about and discovered a phenomenal understanding, with pretty much 96% exactness with that of decided from first rule procedure. Keywordsâ€Graphene, organizer strain, tight restricting model, vitality scattering, band-hole. I. Presentation Graphene, a carefully two-dimensional material having strange and fascinating properties [1] is a quickly rising star not too far off of material science and dense issue material science. It is a material of enthusiasm for semiconductor industry as a result of its outstandingly high precious stone and electronic quality, amazing vehicle properties (for example high electron versatility [2] and high warm conductivity), and as it is organizer, it is equipped for extraordinary gadget scaling contrasting and silicon innovation. Anyway these phenomenal properties are related with a significant downside; graphene is a zero bandgap semiconductor or semimetal [3]-[4]. For enormous scope producing, the nonattendance of bandgap is the most troublesome designing issue to tackle. The zero bandgap revels that it is difficult to switch graphene based gadget from the conductive to the nonconductive state. So it can not be utilized in the rationale circuit. As the zero bandgap property of graphene limits its application in viable fields, researchers are attempting to discover the techniques to open the bandgap in graphene. To take care of this issue a few strategies have been proposed, for example, graphene nanoribbin utilizing quantum imprisonment impact its transverse way [5]-[8], bilayer graphene presenting balance breaking between two carbon layers through an outside electric field [9],[10] , by the way toward doping [11]-[13] and by the procedure of outer strain [14],[15]. To research the bandgap opening by the above strategies, a few procedures have been applied for ascertaining the band structure of graphene, for example, first head computation, tight restricting demonstrating, k.p technique and so forth. Every one of them are performed before utilizing the product recreation or numerical methods, which require an immense computational intricacy and tedious and need high limit super PC. In our examination we have proposed a straightforward diagnostic way to deal with explore the vitality scattering of graphene under various organizer strain condition. Utilizing the proposed technique the bandgap opening is determined under the use of lopsided strain equal and opposite to the carbon-carbon bond in graphene. The outcomes acquired from the proposed strategy is contrasted and the outcome distributed by the primary standard technique and saw as in great concurrence with pretty much 96 % precision. II. Technique Graphene is a honeycomb cross section of ordinary hexagonal structure. However, it loses its ordinary hexagonal basic balance under uniaxial/shear strain. At the point when planar pressure is applied to graphene, the situation of carbon molecules move comparative with one another. Subsequently the vector position of cross section point changes. To clarify this, the point somewhere in the range of a1 and a2 is considered here as ÃŽ ¸ as opposed to accepting 60o which is valid for perfect or loose graphene structure. The eï ¬â‚¬ect in the tight-restricting Hamiltonian is that the boundaries of tight-restricting scales changes appropriately. The stressed cross section structure of graphene is appeared in Fig.1. We have utilized the straightforward closest Neighbor tight restricting model. Here every Carbon particle is ÏÆ' reinforced with three of its closest neighbor Carbon iotas. Fig.1 : The immediate cross section structure of graphene under stressed condition The crude unit vectors can be spoken to by where The detachment of the carbon particles (An and B) can be spoken to by three vectors R1, R2, R3 From Tight-restricting vitality scattering model the equation of vitality scattering is given by [13] (1) Where Here is a fitting boundary which is regularly called the closest neighbor cover vitality or jumping essential. The estimation of fluctuates from 2.7eV to 3.3eV. (2) This is the summed up condition for the vitality scattering of graphene. Here is the point between the crude unit vectors. For the unstrained or loosened up condition, the estimation of the edge = 60o. For this situation the Ï€ groups cover at direct point or K purpose of the two dimensional brillouin zone. (a) (b) Fig.2(a) vitality scattering of loose graphene and (b) the relating brillouin zone. We have examined the electronic structure of graphene under various planar strain disseminations by the tight-authoritative (TB) approach. The graphene has been stressed in three distinct manners [12]. These are : (I) even strain conveyance (keeping the hexagonal evenness unaltered) as appeared in fig. 3.1(a) , (ii) deviated strain conveyance corresponding to C-C bonds as appeared in Fig. 3.1(b) , (iii) topsy-turvy appropriation opposite to C-C bonds as appeared in Fig.3.1(c). Fig 3(a) Graphene framework with balanced strain dissemination, (b) unbalanced strain appropriation opposite to C-C bonds, and (c) awry strain dispersion corresponding to C-C bonds. Comparing crude cells in dark, corresponding grids in green ran and Brillouin zones in green dim are outlined underneath the disfigured cross sections. ÃŽ, K, M, R and S are the high balanced focuses. Lx and Ly are the half of the slanting lengths of the crude cells equal and opposite way of the carbon-carbon bond. As the strain is applied to the graphene, it causes the distortion of the normal hexagonal structure of it . It additionally causes the disfigurement in the crude unit cell. In the event that the strain is symmetric, at that point the band property of the framework doesn't change yet for awry strain , the band property of the framework changes because of evenness breaking. At the point when a lopsided strain corresponding to C-C bond is applied, it causes a distortion in the crude unit cell. This distortion is taken as an adjustment in point between the crude unit vectors. Here the strain is applied upto 12.2 % and it is seen that with the expansion in strain the edge between the crude unit vectors is decreased by following a 3 degree polynomial as for Lx and Ly(where Lx and Ly are in nanometer). The condition of is (3) This estimation of is at that point put in condition (2) to ascertain the band hole under various strain conveyance . It is seen that up to Ly =0.2396 nm band hole of graphene builds then the bandgap start to fall . For this locale the presumption of is extraordinary and it is, (4) on the off chance that lopsided applied strain opposite to C-C bond , up to 7.3 % strain the edge between the crude unit vectors is expanded by following a 2 degree polynomial with deference Lx and Ly. The condition of is, (5) Presently up to Lx = 0.1323 nm band hole of graphene increments and afterward the bandgap starts to fall. For this district the presumption of is, (6) III.RESULT Awry strain conveyance brings about the opening of the bandgap between the limit of the valance band and the base of the conduction band in graphene. At the point when a topsy-turvy strain corresponding to carbon-carbon bond is applied, Ly increments. At that point for the framework so as to return to its most minimal vitality, Lx diminishes during the basic unwinding. Because of progress of Lx and Ly, the edge between the crude unit vectors diminishes and causes the evenness breaking. This precise change is taken as the boundary of twisted crude cell to ascertain the electronic structure of graphene. For instance, for Ly = 0.2196, 0.2236, 0.2396, and 0.2436 nm the relating improved estimations of Lx are Lx= 0.1228, 0.1224, 0.1217 and 0.1216 nm. At that point from our proposed model the comparing edge between the crude unit vectors are =59.47o, 58.91o, 54.79o and 57.75o. The relating electronic structure or band graphs are appeared in fig.4 with the all-inclusive view at K point (a) (b) (c) (d) Fig.4 Extended perspective on bandgap opening for (a) Ly=0.2196 nm and Lx=0.1228 nm (b) Ly=0.2236 nm and Lx=0.1224 nm (c) Ly=0.2396 nm and Lx=0.1217 nm (d) Ly=0.2436 nm and Lx=0.1216 nm. Comparative conduct is gotten in the graphene framework, when uneven strain opposite to carbon-carbon bond is applied. For this situation for instance for Lx =0.1268, 0.1292, 0.1353 nm the relating improved Ly are Ly=0.2126, 0.2120 and 0.2105 nm and the comparing twisted point are = 60.52o, 61.05oand 60.38o. The opening of bandgap comparing to these distorted edge are appeared in fig.5 (a) (b) (c) FIG.4 EXTENDED VIEW OF BANDGAP OPENING FOR (A) LX=0.1268 NM AND LY= 0.2126 NM (B) LX= 0.1292 NM AND LY=0.2120 NM (C) LY=0.1353 NM AND LX= 0.2105 NM . These outcomes delights that the zero bandgap or semi-metallic conduct of graphene sheet gets changed or a bandgap is opened when lopsided strain is applied to it. Presently the inquiry is what is the purpose for this? We realize that organizer graphene comprises of solid bonds and delocalized pz electrons. Here orbitals are shaped by covering the pz

A Room Of One free essay sample

# 8217 ; s Own Essay, Research Paper Many mature ages prior, an oblivious progress ailing the female populace. Like Shakespeare # 8217 ; s sister, grown-up females were molded to fit in with a ladylike political direction. This develop of muliebrity spread all through the state fundamentally determining the idea of a grown-up female and denying them of their unconditioned feeling of self image. While grown-up females may hold imagined about the twenty-four hours when their originative soul could be released, those fantasies were quickly hindered by the incredible energy about male laterality. By subduing grown-up females, the ladylike capacity of reliance and respect was kept up. Consequently, society # 8217 ; s power development became refueled and the patriarchate was sustained. Through clasp the force development has separated, all things considered, I trust Shakespeare # 8217 ; s sister keeps on being in numerous grown-up females, still in chase of a # 8220 ; room of one # 8217 ; s ain # 8221 ; . Virginia Woolf focused on the significance of holding a room of one # 8217 ; s ain or a topographic point to distinguish and explore the originative personality. We will compose a custom article test on A Room Of One or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page She supports the juvenile grown-up females to build up the wont of opportunity and the dauntlessness to make exactly what they think. In excess of seventy mature ages in this manner, Woolf’s words stay appropriate. Womans are as yet battling to confront the dauntlessness and â€Å" ? face the reality? that there is no arm to separating to? † . For, while the social hindrances have vanished, the psychological boundaries have non. In spite of the fact that couple of grown-up females are required to be accommodating and devoted, the political direction of the ladylike capacity keeps on wanting women’s minds. The power per unit territory to gain wedded and have children while compelling one’s individual wants and interests aside endures. Consequently, when a grown-up female # 8217 ; s mind is in a region of famishment, she turns into a mobile skeleton, just bing through life. As the normal blessings she is brought into the world with remain covered and unnourished, she turns into a total outsider to herself. So as to stir the feeling of sense of self, she should give her common yearnings. At the point when this is cultivated Shakespeare # 8217 ; s sister will develop and a room of one # 8217 ; s have will be found.

Haunted Elevators at the University of Maryland :: Urban Legend Myths

Frequented Elevators at the University of Maryland A decent urban legend resembles a play: so elegantly composed and conveyed the crowd can't tell if the entertainers are acting. The legend is painstakingly created to resound with the audiences’ â€Å"hopes, fears, and anxieties† and the conveyance attempts to suspend their incredulity. One urban legend typifies these attributes. This urban legend was told by an eighteen-year-old African American undergrad at the University of Maryland. The urban legend managed Denton Hall, where he right now lives. The narrator asserted that one of the dormitory’s early inhabitants was a young lady who, because of a calcium insufficiency, had a surprisingly powerless bone structure. The narrator couldn't remember her name, however showed that it had recently escaped his attention and was barely out of reach of his mind. At some point, she was setting off to the feasting lobby with a companion of hers when she understood she had overlooked her I.D. card. She requested that her companion hold the lift while she ran back to her space to get it. She was simply arriving at the lift with her card when the lift, having been held open for a really long time, started humming and the entryways shut. The young lady attempted to hop onto the lift at last yet the entryways shut on her and squashed her. As indicated by the narrator , a portion of her â€Å"brain fluid,† made out of synapses and other electrically conductive synthetic compounds, showered into the lifts control board and seared a portion of the hardware. Starting there on, the lifts in Denton have been acting up and separate at whatever point anybody holds them open for a really long time. The urban legend was conveyed perfectly. The narrator possessed likewise chosen an ideal energy for his presentation. He was talking too a little gathering of other Maryland understudies who were hanging tight for the lift in Denton. He had sufficient opportunity to complete his story, in light of the fact that just one of the lifts was working. The narrator introduced the story as though he was essentially relating the realities. He didn't fill the story with sensational delays or broad endeavors to get an enthusiastic reaction from the crowd. On the off chance that he thought his crowd was going to discover a piece of the story upsetting or mind boggling he qualified it by saying â€Å"Now I thought this was truly gross.

Innovation and Technology Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Advancement and Technology Management - Essay Example Contrasted with ongoing decades, the present business condition has gotten exceptionally powerful and eccentric. It has clients that are profoundly requesting and work in an exceptionally serious condition. So as to counter these difficulties, organizations have been growing new items and administrations the offer better encounters for its particular shoppers. Realize that the achievement of a business relies upon an assortment of components, other than human asset the board, innovation and developments (Kleinman 2009, 13). This paper looks at the significance of development and innovation in organizations with accentuation on how these two procedures have impacted the achievement of Apple, an organization that has been known for its accomplishment in the structure and offer of different customer advancements. Organizations are begun with a point of accomplishing the set objectives and targets. For this situation, the proprietors and chiefs must be imaginative and devise procedures that can empower them to deliver and circulate their merchandise to their distinguished markets in the best way. Numerous effective organizations on the planet have been established on painstakingly evolved techniques and approaches that comprehend the market needs of the individuals. One of the methods of dealing with this is having a statistical surveying, which is basic in giving data on contender methodologies and the different manners by which the business can fulfill the necessities of its market (Thompson 2008, 65). Creating market-arranged items and administrations is significant for the business so as to maintain a strategic distance from wastages in the creation and circulation of its merchandise and enterprises. Human asset the board is basic in the accomplishment of organizations since, it engages human capital in the business to create approaches and techniques to expand the business’ upper hand and market position. Human asset the board includes the procedures worried about enrollment, recruiting and advancement of business workers to make it

Performance Standards and Appraisals Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Execution Standards and Appraisals - Term Paper Example In my work environment, execution examination is a continuous procedure whereby representatives are assessed in a steady premise. The job of execution evaluation in my working environment falls exclusively on the medical caretaker administrators. It is done as a meeting whereby both the worker being assessed and the attendant chief fills a presentation evaluation structure on the representatives execution. Execution in all regions is assessed and representatives are measured in a size of one to five with one meaning horrible showing and five signifying astounding execution. This, as indicated by Laureate Education Inc (2006) is significant as supervisors may have disparate perspectives with respect to the exhibition of a representative. This likewise encourages discourse between the administrator and the representative planned for guaranteeing the worker sees all the parts of the assessment (Laureate Education Inc, 2006). Zones of shortcoming are recognized and methodologies are actu alized to help improve workers execution for example through preparing. All through the procedure, the chief directing the examination reports the procedure through taking notes which are then co-marked by the worker being assessed. Execution norms in my working environment are made as a team with representatives. This is significant as connecting with representatives in planning execution norms cultivates a superior comprehension of the gauges and rules and thus they are bound to surpass desires in their presentation (Laureate Education Inc, 2006). The supervisor controls the workers in recognizing practices and mentalities that are useful and useful, and those that could have negative ramifications. These exhibition guidelines in my work environment are conveyed through trainings, either hands on preparing or formal trainings. Adequately preparing workers empowers them to comprehend and appreciate what they are relied upon to achieve and accomplish in their employments (Laureate Education Inc, 2006). One of the qualities of this examination framework in my work environment is

Biography of Psychologist David Kolb

Biography of Psychologist David Kolb More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming David Kolb is a psychologist and educational theorist who is perhaps best known for his theory of experiential learning. In addition to developing a theory that outlined how experiential learning takes place, Kolb is also known for his learning style inventory that remains quite popular among educators today, including: Experiential learning theoryKolbs learning stylesKolbs learning style inventory Brief Biography of David Kolb David Kolb was born in 1939. He earned his undergraduate degree in 1961 from Knox College. He then went on to earn his Ph.D. in social psychology from Harvard University. Today, he is a Professor of Organizational Behavior in the Weatherhead School of Management at Case Western Reserve University. Career Kolb is an American psychologist and educational theorist. He is perhaps best known for his research on experiential learning and learning styles. According to Kolb, experiential learning is a process by which knowledge results from different combinations of grasping and transforming experiences. We can grasp experience two different ways; through concrete experience and abstract conceptualization. People can then transform experience in two ways; through reflective observation or active experimentation. This process is often portrayed as a cycle. Kolbs theory of experiential learning also serves as the basis for his four learning styles. Each of the four learning styles is characterized by strengths in two of the four major steps of the learning cycle. People with a converging learning style prefer to learning through abstract conceptualization and active experimentation.Those with a diverging learning style prefer concrete experience and reflective observation.The assimilating style is associated with abstract conceptualization and reflective observation.The accommodating learning style is linked to concrete experience and active experimentation. While learning styles remain a fairly controversial and oft-debated area within psychology and education, Kolbs theory has emerged as one of the most popular and widely used. Selected Publications Kolb, A. Y., Kolb, D. A. (2011). Kolb Learning Style Inventory 4.0 Boston MA: Hay Group.Kolb, A. Y., Kolb, D. A. (2010). Learning to Play, Playing to Learn: A Case Study of a Ludic Learning Space (1 ed., vol. 23, pp. 26-50). Journal of Organizational Change Management.Kolb, A. Y., Kolb, D. A. (2009). In Armstrong, S. J. Fukami, C. (Ed.), Experiential Learning Theory: A Dynamic, Holistic Approach to Management Learning, Education and Development (pp. 50). London: Sage Publications Handbook of Management Learning, Education and Development.Kolb, D. A., Boyatzis, R. E., Mainemelis, C. (2000). Experiential Learning Theory: Previous Research and New Directions. Perspectives on Cognitive, Learning, and Thinking Styles. Sternberg Zhang (Eds.). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

The rational irrational in Poe - 275 Words

The rational irrational in Poe (Essay Sample) Content: Clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Name Instructorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Name Class Information (English 1A) Date For Descartes, we can see the natural opposition between the good demon and evil demon. Evil demon is the one who deceives us is a fiction that we create by ourselves. The rationality is interpreted as the appropriateness and objectivity, the science according to Kant is objective, but objectivity is guaranteed by universal, a priori forms of cognition. The paradox of Kant's science implies that science is essentially just clarifies categorical schemes. Kant argues that the search for objective truth, science should not go beyond the limits of existing experience, because we are "civilized à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  perhaps too much for our own good à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  in all sorts of social grace and decorumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . All scientific knowledge is only possible as far as possible the experience of sensuality. The problem of correlation of rational and irrational in the human mind acts as a philosophical and ideological problem, as it reflects the problems of the various options of man's relationship to the world. We can assume that Poeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s literary practice were experiments more than experience. Poe made a formation of a new genre, giving it the features that today we honor significant in determining American romantic novel. He was not content with practical achievements and was aware of the need for theoretical understanding of his experience, has developed a theory of the genre. This new experiment assigned to artistic experience, the narrator is now looking for its place within the space of truth. That i...

Negotiation and Conflict Resolution Free Essay Example, 2000 words

Conflicts arise in different ways, but the way an individual reacts to it and negotiate his or her way out is more important than the magnitude of the conflict itself. The topic opens up an opportunity of re-evaluating my stands in, my opinions on and my emotional attachment towards the previous job offers that I ended up turning down or messing up during an interview. This mainly takes on the manner in which I answered the questions by focusing on the answers than the intent of the questions. For example, while negotiating a job offer, some questions and opinions always emphasize on the job salary, but in a deeper perspective, it is prudent to look into the value of the whole deal: duties, locality, travel, working hours, growth opportunities and raise. Conflicts arise in different ways, but the way an individual reacts to it and negotiate his or her way out is more important than the magnitude of the conflict itself. The topic opens up an opportunity of re-evaluating my stands in, my opinions on and my emotional attachment towards the previous job offers that I ended up turning down or messing up during an interview. We will write a custom essay sample on Negotiation and Conflict Resolution or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page My aim is to voice my opinions in a shrewd manner, persistently argue my position in any conflict, as I concurrently put the needs of others before mine in order to encourage them to share their concerns openly and with ease.

American Dream in The Great Gatsby Essay - 1437 Words

â€Å"The American Dream is invariably seen to fail. Discuss† The Great Gatsby nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;F. Scott Fitzgerald is seen as one of the greatest American writers, admired by his contemparies and by modern audiences of today. Fitzgerald was very much in tune with the early twentieth century American culture. He is credited with capturing the ‘Jazz Age’, which he described as â€Å"a generation grown up to find all Gods dead, all wars fought, all faiths in man shaken†. Fitzgerald observed the culture around him with a critical eye. Despite being able to depict America like few others could, many see Fitzgerald’s writing as an indictment on its values. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Works such as The†¦show more content†¦His ‘general resolves’ strive for moral integrity. Gatsby uses these idealised American values of what people should be like, to try and escape his family’s poverty and become successful. â€Å"Gatsby’s imperishable dream repeats the pioneers’ dream of creating a new life for themselves.† He throws off his background, reinvents himself and become the ideal American. â€Å"I suppose he’d had the name ready for a long time, even then. His parents were shiftless and unsuccessful farm people – his imagination had never really accepted them as his parents at all. The truth was that Jay Gatsby of West Egg, Long Island, sprang from his Platonic conception of himself. He was a son of God – a phrase which if it means anything, means just that – and he must be about His Father’s business, the service of vast, vulgar and meretricious beauty. So he invented just the sort ofShow MoreRelatedThe American Dream : The Great Gatsby Essay1568 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream: The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby is a tragic love story on the surface, but its most commonly understood as a suspicious critic of the American Dream. In the novel Jay Gatsby overcomes his poor past to gain an incredible amount of money and a limited amount of social cache of in the 1920s NYC, only to be rejected by the â€Å"old money† crowd. The focus of my paper would be the pathway towards the American Dream and how it affects the person and others around. The American dreamRead MoreThe Great Gatsby and the American Dream1401 Words   |  6 PagesThe Real American Dream Since its institution, the United States has been revered as the ultimate land of ceaseless opportunity. People all around the world immigrated to America to seek quick wealth, which was predominately seen in the new Modern era. 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Frederick DouglassAn American Slave - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 350 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/06/10 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Frederick Douglass Essay Did you like this example? Frederick Douglass was a man born to slavery. It is the worst birth in anyoners life. He was born in 1818, and he was born a great man. He like many others escaped slavery, but he was so clever you wouldnt have expected this. In 1845 Douglass knew English enough to write his own book. It was an autobiography written in his time being a slave. The bookrs title was Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave. Douglassrs name before he escaped actually happened to be his motherrs last name, Bailey. After being born he soon became separated from his mother only to be put in the care of his maternal Grandmother. At age six he was separated from his Grandmother and placed into the Wye house plantation to work. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Frederick Douglass:An American Slave" essay for you Create order Not long after he was given away to Lucretia Auld. Her husband, Thomas Auld, sent him to his Brother, Hugh, to work for him. Hughrs wife taught young Douglass the alphabet. From there he taught himself to read and write. When he was hired out to William Freeland, he was already teaching other slaves to read from the bible. When word spread of him teaching others, Thomas Auld took him back. He sent him to a man known for his brutality, his name was Edward Covey. By the time Douglass was 16 he was being regularly beaten by Covey. He had tried many times to escape but failed. He left Coveyrs farm in 1838, boarding a train to Maryland. He then traveled to Delaware, from there he went to New York, where a safe house awaited him. Once there he sent for a black woman, whom he had met when he was placed with the Auldrs. Her name was Anna Murray and she was a free slave. The two married in late of 1838. Together they had five children. Soon after Douglass and his wife became abolitionists. Though there were many consequences to Douglass becoming a speaker at the American Anti-Slavery Societyrs conventions, he never gave up. On February 20, 1895 Douglass died, but his movements continued and no one gave up on him.

Essay about LOI 10-4 - 665 Words

Case 10-4 Lack of Information As indicated in the following memo, Lack of Information (LOI) has identified obligations to handle and dispose of asbestos upon retirement of several of its warehouses. Also as reflected in the memo, LOI has decided that it is not required to recognize any liabilities related to these obligations because it has asserted that the obligations are not probable or that it does not have sufficient information available. Required: †¢ For each identified obligation, determine whether you agree with LOI’s conclusion and discuss the basis for your determination. Copyright 2007 Deloitte Development LLC All Rights Reserved. Case 10-4: Lack of Information MEMO To: From: Subject: Date: Page 2†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ 2 of the 25 warehouses containing the asbestos reside in states that do not have laws in place requiring the special handling and disposal of the asbestos when the building is demolished or otherwise significantly renovated. However, LOI does have a legally binding contract to sell the warehouses in six months to a third party. The purchase/sales contract contains a standard provision allowing the buyer to require LOI to remove the asbestos prior to the date of the sale. LOI has previously sold warehouses to this same third party based on purchase/sales contracts containing similar provisions related to the removal of asbestos. In each of those transactions, the third party has never enforced the provision requiring LOI to remove the asbestos from the warehouses. Based on this prior experience with the third party, LOI believes that there is a 90% probability that the third party will not enforce the provision in the current purchase/sales contract requiring LOI to remove the asbestos. Because it is not probable that LOI will be required to remove the asbestos, no asset retirement obligation needs to be recognized. At worst, there is not sufficient information (based on ASC 410-2025-10) to determine the fair value of the asset retirement obligation as it is currently uncertain as to whether LOI will be required to removeShow MoreRelatedLack of Information698 Words   |  3 PagesCase 10-4 Lack of Information As indicated in the following memo, Lack of Information (LOI) has identified obligations to handle and dispose of asbestos upon retirement of several of its warehouses. Also as reflected in the memo, LOI has decided that it is not required to recognize any liabilities related to these oblig ations because it has asserted that the obligations are not probable or that it does not have sufficient information available. Required: †¢ For each identified obligation, determineRead MoreSAMPLE MEMO FORMAT 2013 10 1596 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ISSUE: Should LOI recognize an asset retirement obligation for each of the categories of warehouses with asbestos? 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Easyjet the Future of the Company Under Government Intervention Free Essays

easyJet: The future of the company under government intervention. Introduction Since the inception of the aviation industry, it has had an amazing expansion with passenger growth still at 14% as recent as 2010 [The Economist, 2011]. For the years the aviation industry has been running, each flight causes a negative externality – a root cause of market failure. We will write a custom essay sample on Easyjet: the Future of the Company Under Government Intervention or any similar topic only for you Order Now To solve this problem of market failure, governments have intervened by introducing a number of regulations over the year, to protect the welfare of society. However, the externality the aviation industry causes cannot be solved so simply. Pollution of CO2 and NOx gasses are the negative externalities caused by each flight, and with daily flights the damage is forever raising. To overcome this market failure in the aviation industry, the European Union Trading Scheme will be introduced from 2012. The government will intervene by placing a cap on the amount of gasses firms are allowed to release through their flights. The theory of the plan suggests that emissions will reduce over time and will push airlines to find alternative resources. What’s The Problem? Market failure is the term that economists use to describe situations where one person incurs costs or enjoys the benefits of another’s action [Shiell, A, 2010]. There are four main reasons as to why market failure occurs: Monopoly power, Public goods (see Appendix A), Asymmetric information (see Appendix B) and Externalities. Within the airline industry, the latter comes into play. Market failure caused by externalities occurs when a party that is not involved in the decision making (third party) is affected as a result of that decision. There is a negative spill over effect and this causes markets to become inefficient and therefore fail. Externalities are effects of production or consumption on third parties where the price does not cover the full social cost. They are classed as positive (see Appendix C) or negative (see Appendix D) [Helbling, T, 2010]. It is deemed that the externalities of the airline industry have more adverse effects in the form of pollution, which may lead to a decreased quality of life. This problem has been further emphasized in the wake of the constant concerns of global warming in the media. There is also the issue of other externalities such as noise pollution (see Appendix E), congestion (see Appendix E), and the forgone production in terms of a polluted area (where an airport is located) is likely to affect activities such as tourism. Negative externality caused by market failure occurs due to the market not taking into consideration the complete social cost of an action. As firms are profit maximising entities as described by neo classical economics, they will produce a greater quantity of products compared to what is socially desirable. Taking an example of the aviation industry, the social costs of the airliner carrying out more flights is an increase in pollution and the release of other toxic gasses. Equilibrium Quantity 0 Price QMARKET Demand (private value) Supply (private cost) Social cost QOPTIMUM Optimum Cost of pollution As seen by the diagram, the social optimal output level is where the demand curve intersects with the social cost curve. But this is not the case as the current equilibrium is below the optimum one, as private firms only take into account private costs, creating inefficiency and hence market failure. Graph Adopted from: Harcourt Brace ; Company. 2011). Externalities, Chapter 10. p16. There are a number of policies that can be put into the place in order to combat market failure. They may be private such as negation and compensation, or they may be implemented by government. Through direct or indirect measures such as command and control policies or market based policies such as Pigouvian ta xes. (Appendix F). The government had meticulously assessed the aviation market and concluded that there was a noteworthy negative externality in the industry. This externality caused by air travel became the government’s main concern of the industry. They discussed this at the Kyoto Protocol (see Appendix G) and decided to use command and control policies to regulate the industry in order to tackle the problem. There were three mechanisms that came about from the protocol and the third mechanism was deemed most important to the aviation industry; the European Union Trading Scheme (EU ETS). This scheme aimed to be the primary method to reduce emissions. The idea of the EU ETS revolves around the introduction of the carbon market and the cap-and-trade system. This system was introduced in 2005 and commenced an initial trial period to create the markets infrastructure. During the trial period 12,000 facilities within the EU had been placed with an emissions cap, they were not allowed to pollute more than the cap stated but they were allowed to trade these permits if in surplus. The tradable characteristic of these caps gave firms the opportunity to create abnormal profit by selling them onto other firms that need the extra emission permit. [A. Denny Ellerman and Paul L. Joskow, 2008] The topic of much debate has been as to whether governments should have intervened in the industry. It is proven that the air industry only produces 2% of the total greenhouse gasses in the E. U. Therefore, it is hard to pinpoint why governments have targeted the industry in the EU ETS. The EU have stated the main reason for this was to reduce emissions, but, there is evidence in other industries that shows an increase in taxes will not have an effect on pollution. It is important for easyJet to read Appendix H, as it will show that governments might change their approach if their current choice proves ineffective. This will help easyJet know what might be expected of the industry in the future and may also give the firm a case to argue of the current pollution cap which may be deemed unfair by private companies. The Outlook for easyJet The main carriers in the UK are easyJet, Ryan air, flybe and bmibaby. They offer lower prices due to a number of characteristics such as direct booking, high seating density, uniform aircraft types (less economies of scale on servicing and maintenance), the use of secondary or cheaper airports and no frills such as free food and air miles (see Appendix I for further information). The main selling point of easyJet is its low prices. With the new regulations being implemented by 2012 (see Appendix J), expenditure will be sure to go up but this will not only affect the individual company, but the air industry a whole. These systems set up by the Kyoto protocol will cause drastic changes to the budget airline industry. The various firms will have to rethink their cost structure and their business plans. easyJet will need to assess what changes it will have to make and how this would affect them against their competitors. In order to assess the market place, and how easyJet will be affected, Porter’s five forces model needs to be examined. It consists of substitutes available in an economy, the threat of new entrants, the power of the customer, the power of the supplier and the threat from direct competitors. Porter, 2008) The first main threat arising due to higher costs is that of substitute products. The firm will need to analyse its costs compared to alternative means of transport like trains. Currently, short haul distances are cheaper via train but for a long haul journey it is cheaper to use budget airlines, as seen by the diagram to the left. But, this is about to change with new regu lations to reduce CO2 emissions, increasing expenditure for budget airlines. Also, trains are becoming cheaper as they are electric and switching to a full online booking service. The main limitation with people switching to trains is the time constraint. Although the gap in price for long haul flights will reduce, it is hard to see customers moving to trains for these longer distances and the fact that most trains are not direct further makes it eluding for customers to keep use trains. This raises the question, if prices increase, won’t people move to more luxurious airliners such as British Airways and Virgin? This is not the case as the non budget airlines in the industry are all currently performing inefficiently when compared to the budget airlines, and it is this characteristic that will be their downfall. With costs rising due to increasing oil prices (see Appendix K) and the expenses of implementing new technology, budget airlines will still prosper. They are available to provide such a low price and their competitors like B. A will be forced to drop their price and make up the profits elsewhere, if possible. Non budget airlines are beginning to correct their inefficiency and are diversifying to stay alive in the industry but with the finite amount of oil, the budget airlines currently have an upper hand. Dr Patrick Dixon, 2008] The suppliers, in this case, the manufactures of the planes play an essential role, now more than ever, as it is up to them to figure out ways to make planes more efficient. The various firms have taken different approaches on how to deal with government intervention and environmental issues. Airbus advertised their aircraft, the A380, as being ‘more fuel efficient per passenger kilometre than a small family car’ [Emirates, 2011]. A list of furth er features of how the A380 and Emirates are driving towards fewer emissions is available in Appendix L. asyJet have also developed their technology to combat the problem by creating an unducted fan-driven aircraft that its officials believe is the next best thing in fuel efficiency [Commercial Aviation Report, 2007]. To be able to reduce CO2 emissions in the aviation industry there has to be a full focus on ways to reduce them, such as investment in new technology so planes can use alternative fuels (Appendix M) or become more efficient. This creates a trade-off where other problems caused by the aviation industry, noise pollution and the amount of NOx in the environment, will have less focus on them due to the efforts on the CO2 emissions. The suppliers of aircrafts, such as Boeing and Airbus, need to account for this. With the new regulations in place, the main threat is still easyJet’s direct competitors. The current growth in the airline industry is stagnant and will reduce in the coming years as evidenced by Appendix N and this means the firm will need to think of new, more shrewd strategies in order to survive in the market place and a list of recommendations have been listed below. The fight between competitors will now be fiercer than ever, especially between the big two of the low cost airline industry; Ryan air and easyJet. The budget airlines structure is much the same between these firms and it is important for easyJet to use a competitive strategy. Although with these new regulations, new firms will be reluctant to venture into the industry but if incumbent firms are inefficient, new airliners will come into the industry. Recommendations As the new regulations come into place, drastic changes will be made in the air industry. With pledges to reduce carbon emissions and switch to bio fuels, easyJet will have to adjust and remodel its framework. The question on how to reduce emissions is at the top of any firm’s agenda and what method it will use to tackle this problem will be crucial. The general aim is to reduce emissions via newer planes which are seen as greener and thus have a lower carbon footprint. easyJet’s biggest competitor, Ryan air, struck deals with certain airports to reduce costs for them in order for the plane carrier to bring economic benefits to the area. But this plan has backfired as the various airports are finding the deal not viable and these deals are currently being looked in to by the European Commission. When easyJet looks at a way to keep costs low, they should not follow this system as it is deemed illegal and unethical by many but instead should investigate alternative methods. In order for easyJet to set its self apart, it will need to concentrate on competitive strategies such as cost focus or differentiation focus. [Porter, 1980] With cost focus, a firm aims to achieve the lowest costs in the industry. Does the firm then invest in latest technology? This action will be capital intensive in the short run but will help in the long run. Do they concentrate on the short run and keep shareholders happy by simply purchasing excess pollution permits? With budget airlines, the factor above all others is the price. Passengers are not concerned with the pollution emitted; as long as prices remain low. Consumers are happy to pay the minimal price, and if they weren’t, they would be travelling on a more luxurious plane such as BA or Emirates. easyJet’s current stance is to constantly upgrade to new technology as they believe this will increase efficiencies but it is advisable for them to just buy new permits to keep costs low, and to invest in new planes only when need arises. Advertising plays a huge role in the modern world. We see adverts everywhere and corporations pay millions to place their name and logo on various places. What if the airliner sold advertising space in the actual planes? Costs could be considerably reduced if there were advertising opportunities on the flight whether it is on the reading material or on the screens in front of the passenger. The idea of placing adverts to ease costs comes from Freeconomics developed by Chris Anderson. These savings could be passed onto the passenger through lower ticket prices, or simply kept by the company and used for purposes such as growth. Differentiation focus is where a firm sets itself apart from the competition by doing something different. There is currently a gap in the market for mid airliners, in terms of those that are between the range of the premium and budget airlines. The firm can exploit this and step up its efforts to excel in the market. With this the firm can charge a higher price which will offset the higher costs but in return give the consumers services that add value to the product such as car rentals, free food, and higher luggage weight capacity. Also increased customer service will be beneficial if they decide to bump the prices up. There is alot of talk for the use of alternative fuels such as bio fuels and hydrogen, but the advisors point out that it is still not yet a viable option for the firm. As airlines do not manufacturer their own planes, they are reliant on the manufactures like Airbus and Boeing to incorporate planes with these new technologies and at the same time making it commercially viable. These planes will then be available throughout the industry pushing the market more towards a perfect one with homogenous products. But this again ties in with the long-term short-term plan and if the firm are reluctant to invest, they will keep using existing aviation fuels. If other airliners change, then the price of aviation fuel will reduce as the demand will be lower. From the advisors point of view, it will be more profitable to stay in the current segment due to factors such as the global economy being stagnated. In order to remain competitive and increase market share, costs need to be kept to a minimum and this will be achieved by the combination of buying excess permits and advertising. These new regulations will not only be faced by the firm in question but will be faced through the industry as a whole. The way in which the individual airliners react will show whether or not it will survive in this tightening industry. Appendix Appendix A Monopolies – It is easy to see why there is market failure when there are monopolies in the industry and it is because as they have a negatively sloping demand curve, they will tend to maximise profits by ensuring outputs remain at a level where marginal costs are exceeded by price. Public Goods – With public goods, market failure arises as the firm usually has no-rivals and it is not excludable meaning any losses are reimbursed from public tax money. Appendix B Market failure due to asymmetric information occurs when one party of a transaction has more information than the other group. One market where this occurs is in the used car market where there is the lemons problem. Adverse selection happens before the transaction as only high-risk consumers will want to buy insurance. Moral hazard occurs after the transaction as once you have insurance, you are likely to act in a more risky way. An example of this is that airliners are likely to operate in risky conditions such as those of the Icelandic ash cloud as they know if the plane gets damaged, the insurance company pays. Quantity 0 Price QOPTIMUM Demand (private value) Supply (private cost) Social cost QMARKET Value of spillover Equilibrium Optimum Appendix C Positive externalities occur when those individuals who are not directly in the market for the good in question gain benefits. Positive externalities may also have an adverse affect on markets and thus could lead to market failure as a smaller quantity than that which is socially desirable is produced. As seen in the diagram, the intersection of the demand curve and the social value curve determines the optimal output level. The efficient output is below the market equilibrium quantity. The aviation industry may bring about positive externalities such as employment opportunities and R;D; this has positive effects pasts the producer as the knowledge gained in this process may lead to other discoveries and developments. Appendix D Negative externalities transpire when there is a cost to an individual who is not directly involved in the production or consumption of a particular good e. . cigarettes. Equilibrium Quantity 0 Price QMARKET Demand (private value) Supply (private cost) Social cost Cost of pollution If there are negative externalities, the cost of production to society is larger than that to the producer. The supply curve will have to be shifted upwards in order to accommodate for the full cost of production to the society. Appendix E Noise pollution has been a growing conce rn ever since the aviation industry was set to grow at an exponential rate. It is the local residents that are in the vicinity of the airport who are mainly affected by this. There has been research to suggest that the noise caused by aircrafts is damaging to humans, there is a full list published by the World Health Organisation stating the effects of noise in Appendix G. As well as being a general annoyance noise damages health, it detracts significantly from the quality of life, it stops local residents enjoying their gardens or simply enjoying peace and quiet, it damages wildlife, it damages the learning ability of schoolchildren and it costs a great deal of money through the costs of noise mitigation and noise abatement. John Whitelegg, 2000]. The World Health Organisation(2010) states that noise has a number of adverse effects which include, hearing impairment, cardiovascular effects and pschedocrine effects. To add more to local resident woes, airports generate an amazing amount of congestion on the roads. It is a hotspot for taxi’s, buses and trains. All of these add to the general emissions we as a human race pollute. Appendix F To combat externalities there may be a number of private solutions available, one in particular is in the form of negotiation and compensation. This would mean the people producing the negative externality reimburse the third parties, other producing positive externalities are compensated by the third parties. Others may be social sanctions and moral codes. Private solutions do not always work and in the case of this occurrence, public solutions need to be taken into account to solve the problem in the form of direct or indirect government’s participation in markets. Figure Adopted from: Office of Fair Trading. (2009). Government In Markets: why competition matters. 14. The two main reasons as to why governments directly intervene in markets are to provide public goods and services that free markets would be unlikely to provide at an appropriate level and to benefit from the commercial value of public sector assets (Office of Fair Trading, 2009). Command and control policies are the regulations set by government and include forbidding certain behaviours like disallowing smoking on the plane, and it could also make cer tain behaviour necessary such as investing in low emission technology. This method of intervention is usually used in the aviation industry. Governments intervene indirectly where there are private markets that produce side-effects that have an impact on social welfare. They include certain acts like the use of tax or subsidies to combat market failure. Price Effects of a Tax Quantity Private cost with tax Private cost Private value Social Value P2 P3 Q2 Q1 Q3 Q1 = Market Value Q2 ; P2 = Full Social Cost In the aviation industry, certain market based policies are in the pipeline and may come to affect in the form of Pigouvian taxes such as fuel tax. As can be seen, the fuel tax could increase the price of an airline trip to P3 which might make consumers feel a lesser need to travel and demand would move to Q3. With this tax on fuel and the current increase in fuel prices due to the unrest in the Middle East, people would find it cheaper to use others means of transport such as trains and ferries and could this be the demise of budget airlines. Appendix G The Kyoto Protocol was a meeting within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Kyoto, Japan in 1997. It was in this meeting that 37 industrialized countries agreed to band together to reduce global emissions. From this meeting three mechanisms came about on how to reduce emissions, the first being the clean development mechanism in which members of the original 37 countries to invest in developing countries, for example installing solar panels and energy efficient boilers. The second mechanism to reduce emissions is the joint implementation mechanism; this is when the original members invest in each other’s country where it is easier cut costs [UNFCCC. int, 2011]. Appendix H In regards to the environment, government intervention could have been avoided as no one owns the property right to things such as air. Public goods are free goods available to everyone and include clean air, clean water, and biodiversity; these are mainly non excludable and non rival goods. These public goods have no property rights and thus the business and household sectors do not put enough emphasis on these goods and they often face a collective action problem. So if no one owns these, why should an airliner have to pay for pollution costs as they cannot be technically accountable to anyone? As there is no single owner of the air that is being polluted airlines could argue that it is not their responsibility and so why should they be forced the pay the full social cost. The problem of corporate social responsibility then arises; this would argue the blame for the pollution lies with the airlines as they provide a chunk of air pollution. After undertaking a wide-ranging consultation of stakeholders and the public and analysing several types of market-based solutions, the Commission concluded that bringing aviation into the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) would be the most cost-efficient and environmentally effective option for controlling aviation emissions. [European Commission Climate Action, 2011] Any form of taxation will not work as these measures have failed to work in the reduction of emissions. One example is the car industry where despite the heavy taxes; the number of car owners across Europe continues to increase. Taxation on air transport will not have any effect on the emitence of greenhouse effects but will instead have an adverse effect on the growth within the European area. Also governments putting emphasis on the aviation industry which produces less than 2% of EU emissions means that the main reason for intervention is not an environmental factor. It is unclear as to the reason why air transport is a priority in the ETS instead of larger green house gas producing industry. The impact is so small that if household heating had to improve by 15%, it would cancel out the effect of the aviation industry. Ethically, government intervention was the right way forward as leaving it to the private companies would not have proved effective as their aim is to keep private costs to a minimum. Market failure is bad for your health but social injustice is worse. [Oxford Journals. 32 (1), p12-13]. It is easyJet’s duty to abide by any government law. A number of recommendations have been put below as to how the company can best prosper with these new conventions. Appendix I Low Cost Characteristics – Low cost airliners offer a pricing strategy on a first come first serve basis and this means at the passengers who book earlier pay less. Smith, (No Date) Passenger service costs are lower because there is no free food. Sales and reservation and commission cost lower because virtually everything is done online. The number of staff on board an aircraft is reduced as they are not needed due to not serving food. Smith, (No Date) Appendix J Currently the aviation industry is not included in any of the 12,000 facilities that are included in the trading scheme. However, from the start of 2012 there will be a cap on the CO2 emissions from all international flights that arrive or depart from any EU airport. Airlines will receive the same permits and caps that the previous 12,000 facilities received. These firms will then enter the carbon market where they can buy or sell permits, whichever maybe the case. If the company finds itself with an excess amount of permits they can choose to put them into the market or to simply keep them to cover future emissions. If the airline is in need of more permits they will need to enter the market and purchase the number of permits they require. The firm should also consider investing in alternative technology that will reduce their emissions efficiently. They can also earn emission credits by taking part in the clean development mechanism. [European Commission Climate Action, 2011] The aviation industry has begun to explore new fuels e. g. Bio-fuels. It is out of necessity that new fuels are being researched as these are considers more greener compared to oil. There is currently research into using algae as a bio fuel and into other techniques to make aircrafts more environmentally friendly. Some improvements have already been made through the industry – reduced fuel consumption and passenger-friendly cabins [Commercial Aviation Report, 2007]. Appendix K Oil has always been a finite resource; it was always known it will run out at one time or another. As we approach this time the cost of oil and fuel for the aviation industry will increase as oil becomes rarer. In this time it will be budget airlines that prevail and will continue to operate irrelevant of oil prices. It is their fundamental principle that will pull them through the rising oil prices, to deliver the basic minimum a consumer needs and to charge extra for add-ons. Budget airlines have a way of finding ways to cut costs in non essential places, they will continue this practise and will eventually gain the competitive advantage over others in the industry. For those companies who exceed their permit limit will have to pay a fine, to give up or purchase extra permits to cover their emissions. [John Walker and Amrit MacIntyre, 2008] Appendix L * The Emirates A380 burns up to 20% less fuel per seat than other large aircraft * This is the most significant advancement in reducing fuel burn and emissions in four decades. Low fuel burn means lower C02 emissions. The A380 produces less than 75g of C02 per passenger kilometre, almost half of the European target for cars manufactured in 2008. * Emirates A380s will progressively feature digital inflight magazines, entertainment guides and shopping catalogues, saving 2kg per seat or almost one tonne per aircraft. * Emirates A380s, which offers more space per passenger in all classes, will also meet ICAOâ₠¬â„¢s gaseous emissions standards by a substantial margin. * We will comfortably meet current Stage Three and proposed Stage Four noise level standards. Our new Emirates A380 maintenance facilities in Dubai are state of the art, efficient buildings. * A380s feature lightweight materials that account for 25% of its structure. * Our emissions components – such as NOx – will be well under the regulated ‘cap four’ rule * Emirates is working with Airbus to further reduce weight of our future A380s. * Larger aircraft mean less take-off and landings (in passenger terms, some Emirates A380 versions would be the equivalent of flying up to seven smaller aircraft types). Emirates average fleet age is less than half that of many European airlines, meaning newer technology and efficiency breakthroughs characterise our aircraft. Appendix M The aviation industry has begun to explore new fuels e. g. Bio-fuels. It is out of necessity that new fuels are being researched as oil is a limited resource. There is currently research into using algae as a bio fuel and into other techniques to make aircrafts more environmentally friendly. Some improvements have already been made through the industry – reduced fuel consumption and passenger-friendly cabins [Commercial Aviation Report, 2007]. Appendix N Graph Adopted from: The Economist. (2011). Budget airlines: In the Cheap Seats. With traffic expected to slow, low-cost air carriers are getting fancy, p1. The graphical illustration shows the number of passengers carried by budget airlines are growing but its set to decline from 14% in 2009 – 2010 to 6% by 2013 [The Economist, 2011]. With fewer consumers entering the market, companies have to think of other ways to make money from existing customers. easyJet have approached this by increasing frequency on their routes and using more primary airports. Customer satisfaction will now become an even greater part of the aviation industry with features such as priority boarding and loyalty schemes, also the trivia of losing luggage should become a thing of past. â€Å"The low-cost carrier market used to be about fast growth and uncomplicated strategies,† says Keith McMullan, of Aviation Economics, a consultancy. â€Å"Now it is about slow growth and complicated strategies. † [The Economist, 2011] Reference List 1. [Dr Dixon, P. (2008) , Future of budget airlines, {Online Video] Available: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=BVTxPbr_UAc. Last accesses 18/03/2011. 2. Economist. 2011). Budget airlines: In the cheap seats. Available: http://www. economist. com/node/18010533? story_id=18010533. Last accessed 03/03. 2011. 3. Elbling, T. (2010). What are Externalities?. Finance and Development. 47 (4), p2. 4. Ellerman, D and Joskow, P. (2008). The European Union’s Trading Scheme in Perspective, p1-3. 5. Emirates. (2011). Em irates greener, cleaner, quieter A380s take to the skies. Available: http://www. theemiratesgroup. com/english/our-vision-values/emirates-a380. aspx. Last accessed 10/03/2011. 6. European Commission Climate Action. (2011). Reducing emissions from the aviation sector. p1. 7. Graph Adopted from: Harcourt Brace ; Company. (2011). Externalities, Chapter 10. Available: http://www. westga. edu/~dboldt/ECON2105/CHAP10. PPT p16. 8. Hamilton, S. (2007). Airline industry grapples with increasing environmental concern. Available: http://www. leeham. net/filelib/091007CAR. pdf. Last accessed 20/03/2011. 9. Hamilton, S. (2007). Airline industry grapples with increasing environmental concern. Available: http://www. leeham. net/filelib/091007CAR. pdf. Last accessed 20/03/2011. 10. Office of Fair Trading . (2009). Government In Markets : why competition How to cite Easyjet: the Future of the Company Under Government Intervention, Papers

Victorias Secret free essay sample

Victorias Secret is a retail seller of womens clothing and beauty goods, but is most familiar as a dealer of lingerie. Victorias Secret had retailing of more than US$ 2.6 billion through their over 900 retail stores in the U.S. in 2005. In Joseph Jaffes Life After the 30-Second Spot,† he looks at how the mode that most companies and organizations believe is the best way to get their point crosswise to customers and projection television advertisements. It is significant to note that its not that the ads arent imaginative, inventive, or are not talking the verbal communication of the spectator no less than for the most part that has sourced the need for a life after this type of marketing, its the empowerment of all of us in the marketplace, letting the people call the shots for maybe the first time in a long, long while. Victorias Secret was six money losing lingerie stores and a successful catalog when Wexner bought the company in 1982. It was a business aimed at making men comfortable buying lingerie. But what Wexner saw was an essential appeal to women. From its inception, Victorias Secrets telephone operators were trained to be soothingly supportive when embarrassed males called. You dont know your ladys bra size? No problem. Do you know where she keeps them? Okay, look on the edge of the strap and it will tell you the size. Today almost exclusively women for women who are mainly buying to please themselves run Victoria’s Secret. Doing only $7 million when Wexner bought it, the business grossed nearly $1.8 billion in 2003, two-thirds from the stores. Wexner was at his best, grasping the potential of Victorias Secret and then realizing that potential. He created stores that enhanced a mood: pretty but not overtly sexy, with satin nightgowns hung on the walls, a color-coordinated spread of undergarments on tables and plenty of room to mill about on thick carpeting. Thus coddled, the Victorias Secret customer buys eight to ten bras a year; the typical American woman buys two. Weve made women consider the bra and panty part of their fashion wardrobe, says Grace Nichols, 48, chief executive of Victorias Secret stores. A woman buys an aqua satin bra from Victorias Secret in the same way she buys a new lipstick color, to cheer up, to feel better or to indulge herself. Narcissism is real, says Wexner. Its the key to the business. The stores and catalog arc now run separately and carry mostly different goods, with only about 5% overlap. But they reinforce each other. FORBES estimates between 200 million and 240 million catalogs are mailed to 10 million peoplewith some getting as many as 45 catalogs a year. As much as generating mail-order and 800-number business, the catalogs stimulate women to visit the stores. Were in the customers face on a regular basis, Nichols says. She has plans to go from 600 Victorias Secret stores to as many as 1,000 stores, adding 50 a year, even without expanding abroad. Six years ago Victorias Secret introduced a line of scented bath gels, soaps and lotions. These products are indulgence-oriented, so we saw a great emotional marriage between the two products, says Nichols. The line now constitutes $180 million in revenues and 15% of sales, with better than 50% gross margins. Not rock music but Vivaldi and Beethoven pour softly from the loud-speakers in Victorias Secret stores. Customers started requesting tapes and CDs. Why not? Since 1989 the stores have sold more than 10 million tapes and CDs, recorded by the London Symphony Orchestra for the Victorias Secret label. Cynthia Fedus, chief executive of the catalog operation since 1988, also made major changes. Out went the steamy shots of scantily dad males and females grappling, ogling or embracing each other that were common under her male predecessor. In came a mannered, aristocratic look with British affectations. Though headquartered in New York, the catalog first listed a London address on the cover. But when people started showing up at that address, an administrative office, it was dropped. The catalog still states a price in pounds. It became aspirational, with older models posing in rich-looking, lovely settings, she says. Sales doubled her first year, to more than $100 million. Fedus also added to the lingerie a line of sportswear and evening wear, which has become 60% of sales. A supplemental swimwear issue debuted, bringing in $12 million in sales. There followed a country issue with rustic clothing and Timberland shoes. Leslie Wexner has always understood that retailing and show business are first cousins. Victorias Secret has become a powerful mainstream retailing brand image. Why. Those with a taste for pop psychology speculate that professional women, denied highly feminine clothes at the office, want to wear ultra-feminine garments underneath. Such talk bores pragmatic Nichols. I could tell you any bullshit you want to hear, she snaps, but youll find the [lingerie] category hasnt grown; weve just grabbed market share. Victorias Secret has aided; perchance more than any other product attract notice to the lingerie industry. Their advertising operations, together with the Victorias Secret Lingerie Catalog and Victorias Secret Fashion Show are visually attractive and contentious. The notice received by Victorias Secret for their violent advertising campaigns has produced invaluable rumor and media bytes to further augment the Victorias Secret brand. References Joseph Jaffe, 2005, Life After the 30-Second Spot: Energize Your Brand With a Bold Mix of Alternatives to Traditional, Publisher: John Wiley Sons Inc

Management of HOTS Hotel-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

uestion: Discuss about the Strategic Management in the context of HOTS hotel. Answer: Introduction Strategic hotel management refers to the implementation and the formulation of the business goal in the context of the hospitality sector. In order to gain competitive advantage strategic management is crucial for the hospitality sector by analyzing its micro and macro environment (Harrington, Chathoth, Ottenbacher Altinay, 2014). The objectives, plan, and design of a business are developed by the strategic management planning. This study deals with the strategic management of HOTS hotel in the context of Australia. The analysis of the environmental factors in the context of this business will be analyzed in this section. PEST analysis in the context of HOTS Political factor The political environment of Australia is stable as the government in Australia changes after 3 years. On the other hand, Australia is a democratic nation thus the political rules do not affect the flow of the business in this country (Galliers Leidner, 2014). This will give a good opportunity to the HOTS hotel to enhance their business as well strategic management approach in this country. Economic factor Australia is one of the growing economic countries among the developing countries. Its high GDP ensures its stable economic status. However, the commercial property price is high (Pavlatos Odysseas, 2015). Despite this stable economy economic recession in the year 2008 has left a negative impact on the Australian economy. Therefore, the hospitality sectors in Australia have been growing rapidly, which ensures that HOTS hotel will expand their business in Australia by establishing headquarters in this country. Social factor The social factor is a big economic factor that leaves a big impact on the external environment in a business. Australia is a multicultural country with a huge number of immigrants. On the other hand, maximum people of Australia belong from the working class and they focus on high lifestyle (Kremer Symmons, 2015). This will bring a good opportunity for the HOTS hotel to maximize their performance by getting a large number of visitors in Australia. Technological factor Australia is one of the developing countries with rapidly emerging technology. This country contributes a good value in the RD program. As a result, the country is technologically more advanced (Pavlatos Odysseas, 2015). The hospitality industry gets a scope to utilize the technology to grow their business by embracing customer-oriented strategy in their business activity. Porter Five Forces analysis in the context of HOTS hotel Application of the Porter's Five Forces model is an effective approach to analyze the external environment of an organization as well as the competitive advantage of an organization. A threat of new entrants, industry rivalry, bargaining power of the customers, bargaining power of the suppliers and threat of alternative product are the major components of this model (Dobbs, 2014). Threat of new entrants In the context of Australia, the threat of new entrants is low. However, in hospitality industry huge funding is required. Treat of the new entrants is a big challenge in any business industry (Yunna Yisheng, 2014). For the HOTS hotel, the entry of new business in the similar industry is quite difficult. Bargaining power of the buyer The bargaining power of the customers refers to the capacity of the customers to lower the price of a product or a service (Mathooko Ogutu, 2015). This depends on the number of customers that a company has. In the context of Australia, a major number of international tourists come as they have a high attraction towards the Australian tourist's spots. On the other hand, they are more concerned about the quality of the hotels in Australian hospitality sector. Thus, bargaining power of the customers is medium in the context of HOTS hotel. Bargaining power of the supplier Bargaining power of the suppliers refers the capacity of the suppliers to maximize the price of the raw materials. This depends on the number of the suppliers present in an organization and how much cost is required for an organization to switch from one supplier to another (Yunna Yisheng, 2014). In Australia many suppliers are present as a result; the power of the suppliers is low in the context of HOTS hotel. Industry rivalry Industry rivalry focuses on the existing competitors in the similar industry and same market segment. The number of competitors in the same industry and their capacity to threaten will be analyzed to understand the current competition. In the context of HOTS hotel this is high as in Australian hospitality industry there are many strong competitors as this industry is going rapidly. As for example, Qualia Great barrier reef, Bamurru Plains and Longitude 131 are the major competitors of HOTS hotel in Australia. Threat of substitute products The substitute threat is high for HOTS hotel as many competitors offer the similar alternative products. In the hospitality industry, the maximum products are similar and contain same price due to huge competition (Dobbs, 2014). Thus, there is a big threat of the alternative product in the context of HOTS hotel. Figure 1: Porter Five Forces Analysis (Source: Dobbs, 2014).) Porters Value chain analysis Porter value chain analysis highlights the way through which an organization creates their business value by using the raw materials to create the high-quality products or service. Inbound logistics, outbound logistics, marketing, service, and operation are the major elements of the Porter value chain (Savino, Manzini Mazza, 2015). In the context of HOTS hotel, their logistics process is effective as it utilizes the resources properly as a result, this organization is able to create value for them and to achieve the competitive advantage. HOTS hotel provides mainly the accommodation facilities especially the room facilities. However, the sales and marketing department focus more on the investment of each aspect of the operation process. Therefore, every step of the business operation in HOTS hotel includes a dynamic nature to add value in the business by gaining competitive advantage. They have regular monitoring process for their entire service process and they keep low inventory t o reduce the waste as well as the operation cost. Figure 1 : Porter value chain analysis (Source: Savino, Manzini Mazza, 2015) Discussion of the overarching business strategy Vision: The vision of HOTS hotel is to enhance the customer loyalty by having a long-term impact on their customers those come to visit in their organization. They focus to leave a positive impact on both local and potential customers. HOTS hotel wants to be the first choice in the Australian hospitality industry. As a small and medium-sized organization it will be difficult for HOTS hotel to cover a large portion of the Australian hospitality sector in the first year. Mission: The mission of HOTS hotel is to reveal their business scope in front of their employees and to allocate the resources properly as per the requirement. Ethics, objectives and the CSR activities in business The main business objectives of HOTS hotel are: To understand the current market demand To satisfy the customers by using strategic hospitality management To gain competitive advantage by making competitor analysis Trustworthiness, fairness and the accountability are the main three business ethics of HOTS hotel. However, it is crucial for a business to keep transparency to build trust in the customer domain (Diffley, McCole Carvajal-Trujillo, 2018). However, HOTS hotel focuses on the customer-centric business and they make an online transaction by keeping the customer information confidential. The hospitality sector needs to take CSR activities in their organization to create the brand awareness and to retain the employees (Kim, Rhou, Uysal Kwon, 2017). However, employees always prefer to work with an organization that has a positive image in the market (Kim,Woo, Uysal Kwon, 2018). In the context of HOTS hotel, they have taken 3Rs approach to implement the greening operation in their supply chain management. This CSR activity is one vital part of their strategic management. Such 3Rs approach allows this organization to reduce, recycle and reuse the waste that occurs in their supply chain management. Discussion of the strategic direction The established vision, mission, CSR activity and business objectives affect operation process of HOTS hotel. In the recent years, the hospitality sector has been facing challenges due to the continuously changing demand of the customers (Gannon, Roper Doherty, 2015). This is the main issue of HOTS hotel as they are facing difficulties to satisfy the customers. Implementation of the positioning strategy will leave a positive impact on this organization. This strategy will help them to make an analysis of the products, service and the status of the competitors. They their levels of the managers such as top, middle and low-level managers are involved in the implementation of this strategy through managing changes, solving a problem and maximizing the performance of the organization. Positioning strategy will be applied to differentiate the products of HOTS hotel from their competitors by taking customer insight analysis. This will be effective to increase the revenue by satisfying the customers. As this decision will be taken in the next year then the company has no need to worry about the increase of local community as well as the potential customers number. Recommendations Use of low pricing strategy will be helpful for HOTS hotel to maximize the number of customers by covering customers from all classes. Market analysis strategy will be beneficial to enhance the revenue by identifying the current market need and the position of the competitors. Based on such analysis HOTS hotel will offer innovative service to enhance their sale. By utilizing the modern technology and choosing the right target audience HOTS can improve the Mgt. Providing the discount to FB section during the festive season will be an effective approach for HOTS hotel to increase their sale. Conclusion The entire piece of work reveals the vision, mission, objectives, CSR activity and the strategic direction in the context of HOTS hotel. However, adoption of the positioning strategy will be beneficial for them to cope up with their current problems. Therefore, development of the customer-centric business is their main aim, which can be fulfilled by this strategy. Moreover, it can be concluded that integration of the strategic hospitality management with the CSR activities will be an effective approach for the HOTS hotel. References Diffley, S., McCole, P., Carvajal-Trujillo, E. (2018). Examining social customer relationship management among Irish hotels.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-08-2016-0415 Dobbs, M. (2014). Guidelines for applying Porter's five forces framework: a set of industry analysis templates.Competitiveness Review,24(1), 32-45. doi.org/10.1108/CR-06-2013-0059 Galliers, R. D., Leidner, D. E. (Eds.). (2014).Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Gannon, J. M., Roper, A., Doherty, L. (2015). Strategic human resource management: Insights from the international hotel industry.International Journal of Hospitality Management,47, 65-75. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.03.003 Harrington, J., R., K. Chathoth, P., Ottenbacher, M., Altinay, L. (2014). Strategic management research in hospitality and tourism: past, present and future.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,26(5), 778-808. doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-12-2013-0576 Kim, H. L., Rhou, Y., Uysal, M., Kwon, N. (2017). An examination of the links between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and its internal consequences.International Journal of Hospitality Management,61, 26-34. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.10.011 Kim, H., Woo, E., Uysal, M., Kwon, N. (2018). The effects of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on employee well-being in the hospitality industry.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 78-100. doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-03-2016-0166 Kremer, P. D., Symmons, M. A. (2015). Mass timber construction as an alternative to concrete and steel in the Australia building industry: a PESTEL evaluation of the potential.International Wood Products Journal,6(3), 138-147. doi.org/10.1179/2042645315Y.0000000010 Mathooko, F. M., Ogutu, M. (2015). Porters five competitive forces framework and other factors that influence the choice of response strategies adopted by public universities in Kenya.International Journal of Educational Management,29(3), 334-354. doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-12-2013-0187 Pavlatos Odysseas. "An empirical investigation of strategic management accounting in hotels."International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management27, no. 5 (2015): 756-767. doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-12-2013-0582 Savino, M. M., Manzini, R., Mazza, A. (2015). Environmental and economic assessment of fresh fruit supply chain through value chain analysis. A case study in chestnuts industry.Production Planning Control,26(1), 1-18. doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2013.839066 Yunna, W., Yisheng, Y. (2014). The competition situation analysis of shale gas industry in China: Applying Porters five forces and scenario model.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,40, 798-805. doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.08.015

An assessment of Lockes Writings

Abstract ideas According to Locke, an abstract idea is an idea which opens with a general term or terms. In this idea, the words are not arbitrarily used but stand for concepts which in turn represent things. This means that abstract ideas are not necessarily images as images can not be completely abstract (Locke II.8.8)Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on An assessment of Locke’s Writings specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Abstract ideas are applied in perceptual judgement by picking out the common elements from the perceptions which look alike. According to Locke, this process is called abstraction. For example, when a person sees an object, the abstract idea that is registered about in the mind is the shape and brightness. Therefore, accustomed use of an object affects our perceptual judgement (Locke II.8.8-10). According to Locke, the acquisition of abstract ideas (abstraction) is achieved through exper iences at certain instances and later by comparison of ideas of meaning (percepts). The characteristics which are common in the percepts are then retained. Therefore, as the idea is experienced, it is also perceived and represented in perceptual experiences (Locke II.8.12-15). How abstract ideas are possible Locke points out that a triangle’s abstract idea as possible because it is a derivative of experience with various objects in nature with varying shapes. A composite mental picture forms having only common elements of perceptions of shape (Locke IV.7.8). Since there is possibility of images becoming abstract (according to Locke), the visualized image of the triangle may not determine the certain number of sides or other features. The image so visualized however corresponds to several other shapes (common element) which have a difference in the number of sides. The common element leads to a general name or a general idea (e.g. shapes or triangles). This is possible because the triangle equally conforms to all shapes but is none of the shapes in particular (Cummins’s notes). Abstraction of the triangle takes place by eliminating features which link it to other shapes. However, the different shapes cannot be recognized as it is the possession of the concept of shapes or triangles which necessitate recognition (Locke IV.7.9). Why Locke disagrees with innate ideas/principles Locke objected innate ideas because he believed that some of Descartes’ followers did not change the Pre-Cartesian position justified arbitrarily that almost all aspects, mans knowledge originates from innate principles.Advertising Looking for assessment on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He discredits Descartes’ platonic argument because the innate is a derivative of God and cannot err hence man is not infinitely perfect because at no point does experience present such a chance. Locke uses the c oncept of abstraction to object Descartes perception of simple and complex ideas by asserting that God’s idea is complex and man only experiences simple components in it (Locke I.1.3) This issue is important because Locke takes an indirect approach and doesn’t address the fact that innate things are from God. Instead, he assumes truthfulness of whatever is innate and doesn’t argue at any point against this. He further portrays the compatibility of innate principles with denial by defining innateness in various forms. It is important to note that in these definition forms, Locke accepts one which offers relative but not absolute rejection that â€Å"innateness is no guarantee of truth†. This also implies that Locke to some extent concurred with Descartes’ idea that if innateness occurs, then it is the work of God, a true fact (Locke I.1.1-3). Furthermore, the form of definition adopted by Locke that â€Å"whatever is innate is true†, if false , could mean that he defends innate principles. At this point, it would be difficult as he had no basis (Cummins’s notes). Moreover, Descartes in his book (Med III) does not address facts supporting innate principles. Therefore, it is important that the innateness of a principle be ascertained for it to be demonstrated as true (Locke I.1.1-3). Adequacy of our simple ideas Locke explains adequacy of simple ideas from the basis that visual presentations e.g. ring and abstract ideas e.g. yellow have to agree for a person to perceive appearance (â€Å"what people call yellow†) (Locke IV.1.4). According to Locke, the word ‘yellow’ is an idea which is simple hence the difference between agreement of visual presentations and abstract ideas is taken care of by the perception of appearance. This would however be impossible even based on Locke’s idea that ‘whatever is innate is true’ because of the complexity of the visual presentation which may vary in aspects such as texture, shape, color and size (Locke IV.1.4). Moreover, how adequate the abstract idea is poses less concern than the perception because the mind is unable to generate simple ideas (Locke IV.iv.5). This means that Locke is unable to link perception of appearance into the agreement of visual presentations and abstract ideas. However, this is possible because only adequacy with respect to the abstract idea is required and not adequacy with respect to the perception (Locke IV.1.4).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on An assessment of Locke’s Writings specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ideas of secondary quality and objects By pointing out ideas of secondary quality lack of resemblance in the object, Locke does not approach secondary qualities as real qualities in objects but as powers. This means that concepts of secondary qualities are not those of real qualities but they are of powe rs. Lock uses the containment thesis to point out that powers (which he approaches as secondary qualities) are not used in objects unlike the existing thesis which implies that secondary qualities are non-existent in objects ( Locke II.8.8-12). The thesis pointed out in the later perceives ideas of secondary quality as being untrue with regard to objects, an argument which Locke fails to accept. In addition, the fact that ideas of secondary qualities (which are powers) may lose the power in them and still not change is not absolute because of the occurrence of the sense where secondary qualities do not exist in the objects that possess them. In this case, ideas of secondary quality are perceived as they were originally i.e. as conspiracies between objects. In summary however, Locke’s work and thoughts in this case does not emphasize the aspect of secondary qualities being existent in the objects (Locke II.8.12-18). Locke’s anti-skeptical arguments In these arguments, L ocke seeks to demonstrate the extent of knowledge i.e. intuition and demonstration and distinguish them from demonstration and faith. In the first anti-skeptical argument, he asserts that the existence of finite beings which lack us is not probable and certain because intuitive knowledge is from things which are external in our minds. Moreover, he mentions examples of objects which may be external in our minds such as wormwood and roses and suggests that these objects can be external in our minds but their revival is achieved by memorizing and hence they come to the mind through experience or senses (Locke IV.2.14). In the second argument, Locke strengthens the first argument further by asserting that objects cannot exist in our minds without us as it is certain that we experience them first. According to Locke, an argument contrary to this is nothing but skeptical, since the existence of objects even in dreams is perceived by our senses. It is therefore from these arguments that he comes up with the third degree or extent of mans knowledge, sensitive knowledge, which like intuition and demonstration varies in aspects of certainty, degree and proof mechanism ( Locke IV.2.14).Advertising Looking for assessment on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More State of nature and state of war Locke uses the state of nature to explain political power clearly. He perceives that nature, bound by its own laws predisposes man to equality in terms of possession, political power and jurisdiction. With the above in place, Locke means that subordination is difficult to occur unless the lord gives dominion of one over the other. In turn, this yields charity, obligatory mutual love, responsibility and justice (Locke Treatise II.2.4- 5). According to Locke, liberty hence prevails amongst man in these conditions and only the obligatory laws of nature to act on man. However, Locke suggests that destruction can only be used to punish offenses which present unequal opportunity to nature (Locke Treatise II.2.5). Lock further points out that if the laws of nature are to be violated, then the same opportunity should be given to every man to avoid subjection. For the offenders who are locked up or punished, the intention is to present an equal opportunity fo r the remaining persons (Locke Treatise II.2.8-9). This jurisdiction to punish is sometimes not left to all men as some may act in a manner contrary to laws of nature (Locke Treatise II.2. 13-14). The state of nature is different from the state of war because in a state of war, enemity and destruction prevails to avert possible subjection. This is because the acts of subjection and subordination which occur in a state of war predispose a group to destruction therefore the need to ‘destroy before you are destroyed’. In a state of war, the attempt to put others in one’s power is the real cause of subjection hence perceived threats are destroyed to present an equal opportunity (Locke Treatise II.3. 16-18). After the perceived threat has been destroyed in a state of war, there exists equal application of the law. Locke however argues that this is not always the case unlike in a state of nature hence the existence of a superior judge whom no one can prevail over (Lock e Treatise II.3.19 – 20). Ends of political society and government Locke points out that civil societies are formed based on the key objective of the repressed members to protect their lives, estates and freedoms which Locke calls property. This is because the state of nature and its freedom negates the need for people in civil society to subject themselves to control and dominion by other powers (Locke Treatise II.9.123). The noxious way of exercising power by a government leader forces people to go into civil societies to protect their property, themselves and others. Therefore, in society, they derive legislative and executive powers which are checked by the society laws known to every member and entrusted to a few people who act as judges (Locke Treatise II.9.127-128). However, Locke acknowledges that civil society or even government may split to associations because of the leaders’ noxious way of applying the law irregularly to their own advantage. In a civil soci ety, men delegate their power, freedom and equality previously possessed in nature to the society with the sole intention of protecting their property by guarding against the defects in government hence a haven of peace and safety is created for people in a civil society (Locke Treatise II.9.131). In certain cases, the concept of civil society leads to a justification of revolution. This occurs because though laws of nature are equally applied to creatures, leaders in governments are biased and driven by their own interests and they contravene the fact that laws should be common and impartial to all. This means that to these leaders, the law is not binding. (Locke Treatise II.9.124). Moreover, the leaders in governments are both the leaders and the execution apparatus of laws hence they apply the law to their own interests. Since the state of nature negates the need for people to be subjected to control and dominion by other powers, revolutions eventually ensue because the leaders o ffend men, who by the laws of nature resist injustice to reprise the noxious leaders (Locke Treatise II.9.126). Compensating an offender and the injured party According to Locke, a magistrate can exonerate an offender from punishment based on the state of nature that every man has a right to punish an offender. He cannot however forego reparation of the injured party because this reparation belongs to the person who is injured. He (Locke) argues that it is almost similar in a case where a magistrate confers punishment in his own way for the good and safety of the public but not in the way stipulated by law. The same magistrate however cannot satisfy the injured party for the damage he has suffered. This is because the injured party himself reserves the right to claim. He is the only party or person who possesses the ability to remit the damage caused (Locke Treatise II.2.11). In addition, every man has the ability to punish crime and to prevent it from occurring again hence in this way, the injured party has the right to remit in a manner which he perceives as being commensurate to the offence and the offender. This implies that the issue of compensating the injured party is more weighty or critical than punishing an offender. Moreover, Locke perceives that all persons in nature’s state can punish crime or even kill depending on the degree to which the injured party can remit himself. Locke even cites illustrations from the bible to this end! He uses Cain’s fear f being killed after murdering his brother to point out the fact that every man is empowered by the state of nature to destroy a criminal before he is destroyed (Locke Treatise II.2.11). Leibniz and Locke on innateness Wilhelm Leibniz defends the notion of innate knowledge against Locke’s inability to prove beyond doubt about incoherence of innate knowledge. Leibniz argues that if it were to be based on Locke’s concept, then it doest mean that man knows his innate truths. Ac cording to Leibniz; the mind is linked to innate knowledge through predisposition. He perceives ideas as â€Å"indicators, dispositions, tendencies or natural potentialities and not actualities (Leibniz 52). Unlike Leibniz, Locke unknowingly attributes knowledge to be independent of any innate perceptions. Therefore according to Locke, man is born devoid of knowledge and what he acquires is only through experience (Locke I.i.4) Locke further suggests that if principles are universally agreed upon, then it would not be proof of innateness unless there exists other explanation forms (Locke I.i.4) However, Leibniz objects to think that principles which are universally agreed upon are innate through definition citing that â€Å"a principle being rather generally accepted among men is a sign, not a demonstration, that it is innate† (Leibniz 76). Locke perceives beliefs as a kind of thought which occurs consciously. However, this is a rare phenomenon in beliefs. Leibniz on the oth er hand discredits this thought and refers to memories which can occur devoid of conscious awareness. Despite the fact that all truths are universally agreed upon, there exists no proof for the lack of innateness because â€Å"even though they were known, they would still be innate, because they are accepted as soon as they are heard† (Leibniz 76). Therefore, Leibniz objects Locke’s argument that all that which is known is a derivative of the senses partially rejecting the concept of acquisition of knowledge by using senses (Leibniz 77), and to a certain extent, Locke agrees with Leibniz regarding the concept of innateness. Works Cited Cummins, Robert. Notes on Locke: Essay Concerning Human understanding.2009.Print. Leibniz, Wilhelm. New Essays of Human Understanding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1981. Institute of Learning Technologies. Web. Leibniz, Wilhelm. New Essays of Human Understanding. Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong Press. 1981. Institute of Lear ning Technologies. Web. Locke, John. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. 6th ed.1689. Institute of Learning Technologies. Web. Locke, John. Second Treatise on Government. 1690. Institute of Learning Technologies. Web.6 Oct. 2011. This assessment on An assessment of Locke’s Writings was written and submitted by user PrinceofOrphans to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.